Preparation and characterization of polyvinylchloride membrane embedded with Cu nanoparticles for electrochemical oxidation in direct methanol fuel cell

Copper nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical reduction method. These copper particles were embedded into the polyvinylchloride (PVC) matrix as support and used as an electrode (PVC/Cu) for the oxidation of methanol fuel for improving the current response. The PVC/Cu electrodes were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability of the electrode, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for identification of copper nanoparticles in the electrode, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the interaction between PVC and Cu and scan electron microscopy (SEM) with EDAX for the morphology of the electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of the electrode was characterized by the cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry techniques. An increase in the electrode activity was observed with the increase of copper quantity from 0.18 g (PVC/Cu-0.18 g) to 0.24 g (PVC/Cu-0.24 g) and the maximum was found at 0.24 g of copper in the electrode. Also, it was observed that the electrode achieved the maximum catalytic current in 0.5 mol/L CH₃OH + 1 mol/L NaOH solution. FTIR identified that water molecules, C—H group, copper nanoparticle and its oxide were available in the electrode. SEM images with EDAX showed that copper particles were properly embedded in the polyvinylchloride matrix.     

Continuous ion-selective separations by shock electrodialysis

Water purification remains a challenge across sectors worldwide, especially the efficient removal of specific (toxic or valuable) dissolved ions at low salinity. In this article, shock electrodialysis (SED) is shown for the first time to have this capability, by demonstrating continuous separation of magnesium ions from aqueous mixtures of NaCl and MgCl₂. By systematically measuring the composition of all input and output streams, the mechanisms that drive selectivity, current efficiency, and desalination are revealed, as well as strategies to improve performance. For solutions initially rich in sodium, highly selective (> 98%) continuous removal of magnesium can be achieved with only moderate (50–70%) total salt removal. This remarkable selectivity is associated with super-diffusive ion transport, mediated by charged double layers in a porous glass frit, behind a steady deionization shockwave in cross flow.     

复合添加剂对钒电池正极电解液性能的影响

为了提高钒电池电解液的性能，选取了3种复合添加剂，研究了复合添加剂对钒电池正极电解液稳定性和电化学性能的影响。利用电化学方法制备了2 mol/L的全钒液流电池正极5价钒离子电解液，采用临界胶束浓度法得到复合添加剂的配比为：1% KHSO₄+3 mmol/L SDBS（十二烷基苯磺酸钠）、1% KHSO₄+2 mmol/L D-山梨醇、1% KHSO₄+2 mmol/L CTAB（十六烷基三甲基溴化铵），并考察添加剂加入电解液后的稳定性与电化学性能。通过XRD分析手段，对电解液沉淀物的成分进行了表征。研究表明：添加剂的加入，并不会引起钒离子价态的变化，1% KHSO₄+2 mmol/L CTAB加入后，电解液峰电位差减小12 mV，峰电流增加9.8 mA，说明CTAB与KHSO₄在合适配比下，能够有效提高正极电解液的稳定性及可逆性，添加剂的引入并未引起电解液沉淀物的物相组成变化，电解液性能显著提高。     

管电极电解铣削深窄槽流场研究

针对封闭深窄盲槽结构的加工难点,提出了一种管电极电解铣削加工工艺。通过仿真软件对电解铣削过程中的流场进行建模仿真,利用高速摄影仪观测流场分析该方法的可行性。采用外径0.8 mm的管电极在不锈钢上进行电解铣削加工深窄槽试验,研究电解液压强对深窄槽轮廓精度的影响规律,成功加工出槽宽(1±0.05)mm、槽深(2.5±0.05)mm的高精度、侧壁陡直的封闭深窄盲槽。     

石墨烯复合功能材料及其在重金属离子检测的电化学研究与应用

石墨烯(GR)是典型的单原子碳纳米材料,具有独特的二维共辄平面结构,其高活性的比表面积和突出的导电性能,在电催化和敏感材料制备领域已得到广泛的应用。氧化石墨烯(GO)作为GR的前驱体,存在大量的含氧官能团,具有良好的水溶分散性。大量GO含氧官能团的介入会破坏其K-7T共辘结构,导致其电学性能变差。GO通过化学、水热合成或直接电化学还原方法可有效修复其共辄平面结构,得到导电性良好的还原氧化石墨烯(rGO),即GR.单组分的GR材料在实际应用中仍存在某些局限性,如电学活性相对较弱,与其它材料加工复合性能较差等。将GR、G O材料与其它功能材料进行复合,可进一步改善复合物的物理或化学性能,如分散性、加工修饰和电催化活性等。综述了石墨烯材料与金属及其氧化物纳米粒子、聚合物、掺杂原子、导电离子液体、碳纳米材料等功能材料复合后,能形成可调控的微结构,具有改性的化学性质和协同发挥的电学效应,表现出显著的电子传递能力及其功能性作用。论述了GR功能化修饰的复合材料作为敏感界面,构筑基于重金属离子检测的电化学生物传感器,可以实现对Pb2+,Hg2+,C『+等多种重金属离子的同时或分别检出,提出了GR复合制备材料的纳米结构特征、功能修饰作用对于提高传感器的电催化活性和选择性性能等方面的应用,并对该研究领域进行了总结与展望。     

超临界CO2环境中温度和流速对N80碳钢腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究超临界CO2环境中温度和流速对N80碳钢腐蚀行为的影响,探讨N80碳钢在超临界CO2环境中的腐蚀机制。方法利用高压釜进行失重和电化学测试,同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)进行腐蚀形貌观察和腐蚀产物成分分析。结果当温度为40℃时,腐蚀速率最小,电化学阻抗随时间延长持续减小,此条件下并没形成FeCO3保护膜。升高温度导致腐蚀初期的腐蚀速率明显增大,然而腐蚀某个时刻后,电化学阻抗突然增大,意味着FeCO3保护膜的形成。温度越高,腐蚀24 h后的阻抗越大,产物膜越致密,保护性越好。另外,腐蚀失重速率随流速的增加而增大,电化学测试也表明流速越大,阻抗越小,腐蚀电流密度越大。SEM形貌分析表明,流体流动破坏了FeCO3膜的致密度,降低了其对N80碳钢基体的保护作用。结论尽管升高温度加速了N80碳钢的腐蚀,但却有利于保护性FeCO3膜的形成。温度越高,FeCO3膜越致密。流体流动破坏了保护性FeCO3膜的致密性,加速了N80碳钢腐蚀。     

Design of best performing hexagonal shaped Ag@CoS/rGO nanocomposite electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitor application

The mixed metal/metal sulphide (Ag@CoS) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite (Ag@CoS/rGO) was synthesized for the possible electrode in supercapacitors. Ag@CoS was successfully deposited on the rGO nanosheets by hydrothermal method, implying the growth of 2D Ag and CoS-based hexagonal-like structure on the rGO framework. The synthesized nanocomposite was subjected to structural, morphological and electrochemical studies. The XRD results show that the prepared nanocomposite material exhibits a combination of hexagonal and cubic phase due to the presence of CoS and Ag phases together. The band appearing at nearly 470.33 cm⁻¹ in FTIR spectra can be ascribed to the absorption of S–S bond in the Ag@CoS/rGO nanocomposite. The clear hexagonal structure was analysed by SEM and TEM with the grain sizes ranging from nanometer to micrometer. The electrode material exhibits excellent cyclic stability with a specific capacitance of 1580 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g without any loss of capacitive retention even after 1000 cycles. Based on the electrochemical performance, it can be inferred that the prepared novel nanocomposite material is very suitable for using as an electrode for electrochemical supercapacitor applications.     

Towards impedance-based temperature estimation for Li-ion battery packs

In order to meet the required power and energy demand of battery-powered applications, battery packs are constructed from a multitude of battery cells. For safety and control purposes, an accurate estimate of the temperature of each battery cell is of vital importance. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the battery temperature can be inferred from the impedance. However, performing EIS measurements simultaneously at the same frequency on each cell in a battery pack introduces crosstalk interference in surrounding cells, which may cause EIS measurements in battery packs to be inaccurate. Also, currents flowing through the pack interfere with impedance measurements on the cell level. In this paper, we propose, analyse, and validate a method for estimating the battery temperature in a battery pack in the presence of these disturbances. First, we extend an existing and effective estimation framework for impedance-based temperature estimation towards estimating the temperature of each cell in a pack in the presence of crosstalk and (dis)charge currents. Second, the proposed method is analysed and validated on a two-cell battery pack, which is the first step towards development of this method for a full-size battery pack. Monte Carlo simulations are used to find suitable measurement settings that yield small estimation errors and it is demonstrated experimentally that, over a range of temperatures, the method yields an accuracy of ±1°C in terms of bias, in the presence of both disturbances.     

精密电解加工共性关键技术及其在航空制造中的应用

飞行器上关键结构件的几何特征复杂,传统方式难以满足加工需求,精密电解加工技术具有无工具损耗、无机械切削力、加工定域性好的优点,适用于各种形状复杂、难加工、低刚度构件的加工,在航空制造领域占有重要地位。在介绍精密电解加工共性关键技术的基础上,阐述了其在航空制造中的典型应用,并对发展前景进行了展望。     

Hierarchically porous carbon derived from the activation of waste chestnut shells by potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) for high-performance supercapacitor electrode

3D hierarchical porous carbon consisting of micropores, mesopores and macropores was successfully prepared through the activation of chestnut shell via KHCO₃. The influence of KHCO₃/chestnut shell ratio on the textural properties was carefully investigated and the structure, micrographs, and surface chemical status of the materials were expressed via X-Ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron micrographs (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. With the optimized amount of KHCO₃, high specific pore surface area (2298 m² g^-1) and high total pore volume (1.51 cm³ g^-1) were achieved, endowing an advantageous electrochemical characteristics for the electrode as ultracapacitors in three-electrode system. At 2 A g^-1, a high specific electric capacity of 387 F g^-1 was reached. The remarkable electrochemical performances are mainly due to hierarchical porous structure with the high specific surface area (SSA) and the eminent total pore volume. It means that this hierarchical porous carbon prepared by activated by using KHCO₃ would have more promising foreground in the field of energy storage.